This study investigates women’s participation in Community-Based Water Supply Organizations (CBWSOs) in Monduli District, Tanzania, focusing on the socio-economic benefits and challenges associated with their involvement. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques to provide a comprehensive analysis of women’s roles in water governance. Primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 45 women involved in CBWSOs, alongside key informant interviews with local leaders and CBWSO officials, as well as a survey to quantify the extent of women’s participation and the benefits they derive from these roles. The study explores women’s involvement in decision-making, leadership, and resource management, highlighting the socio-economic benefits such as income generation, improved health outcomes, and enhanced community recognition. Despite these benefits, the research identifies significant barriers, including cultural norms, limited access to training, and institutional resistance, which hinder women’s empowerment in water governance. The study proposes several strategies to enhance women’s leadership and participation in CBWSOs, including the implementation of gender-responsive policies, capacity-building programs, flexible meeting schedules, and long-term community sensitization campaigns. The findings contribute to the broader discussion on gender equality in water governance, offering practical recommendations for promoting women’s empowerment and fostering sustainable, inclusive water management practices in rural Tanzania.