Remedial Education in Higher Education in the United States: A Historical Perspective
Abstract
Remedial education, also referred to as developmental education, in higher education began in the United States (U.S.) in the 17th century and, until recently, continued to be a major component of the curricula for most community colleges, also known as junior colleges. The initial purpose for the creation of these institutions was to provide remedial education and occupational skills for its entrants. Students, who were underprepared for college-level courses or senior colleges, could enroll in a community college and register for remedial or developmental courses that were designed to prepare them to transition successfully into college-level courses or into the labor force. This paper provides a historic analysis of the need for and the policies that governed remediation in the United States of America from the 17th to the 20th century.
References
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17. Levin, H. & Calcagno, J. (2004). Improving student attainment in community colleges: Institutional characteristics and policies. http://www.tc.columbia.edu/ccru/public.htm
18. Levin, H. & Calcagno, J. (2008). Remediation in the community college. Community College Review 35 no. 3 181-207. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
19. Mangan, K. (2016). As reformers take aim at remediation, community colleges feel the squeeze. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://partners4edu.org/reformers-take-aim-remediatio-community
20. Perin, D. (2002). The location of developmental education in community colleges: A discussion of the merits of mainstreaming vs. centralization. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/results/results_single_ftPES.jhtml
21. Perin, D. (2006). Can community colleges protect both access and standards? The problem of remediation. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/results/results_single_ftPES.jhtml.
22. Rao, D. (2005). The open-door policy: Hidden barriers to postsecondary education for nontraditional adult learners. http://www.ncsall.net/?id=174
23. Schmidt, P. (2008). 3 new studies question the value of remedial college courses. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 54 no 43. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
2. Arenson, K. W. (1999). Mayor’s task force says CUNY is adrift and needs an overhaul.The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html
3. Attewell, P. A. et al. (2006). New evidence on college remediation. The Journal of Higher Education, 77(5), 886-924.doi: 1353/jhe.2006.0037
4. Bettinger, E. et al. (2004). Remediation: Background remediation quandary for colleges.National Education Writers Association.
5. Bettinger, E. P., Long, B. T. (2005). Remediation at the community college: Student participation and outcomes. New Directions for community colleges, 2005(159, 17-26. doi:10.1002/cc.182
6. Boylan, H. R. (1999). Exploring alternatives to remediation. Journal of Developmental Education, 22(3), 2-8. http://ncde.appstate.edu/sites/ncde.appstate.edu/files/exploring-alternatives.pdf
7. Boylan, H.R. & White, G. Jr. (1994). “Educating all the national’s people: The historic roots of developmental education,” in Martha Maxwell (editor), From access to success: A book of readings on college developmental education and learning assistance programs, H & H Publishing Company, Inc. Clearwater, Fl, pp. 3 –7.
8. Clay, J. K. & Southard, A. H. (2004). Measuring the effectiveness of developmental writing courses. Community College Review. 32 no 2 39-50. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
9. Costrell, R. (1998). A simple model of educational standards. American Economic Review, 84, 956-971.
10. D.L.W. (2007). Most students unprepared for college. School Library Journal. 53 no 622. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
11. Dotzler, J. J. Jr. (2003). A note on the nature and history of post-secondary developmental education in America. Mathematics and Computer Education 37 no1 121-5. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
12. Efthimiou, C. (2007). BCC statistical overview. Office of Institutional Research Booklet.
13. Greenberg, M. (2004). How the GI bill changed higher education. Chronicle of Higher Education, 50 (41), B9-B11.
14. Hoyt, J., & Sorenson, C. (2001). High school preparation, placement testing, and college remediation. Journal of Developmental Education. 25(2), 26-33.
15. Jacobsen, C. (2001). Celebrating the community college. Community College Journal. V. 71 no. 5 p. 42-44. https;//eric.ed.gov/?=id=EJ625295
16. Kirst, M., & Venezia, A. (2004). From high school to college: Improving opportunities for success in postsecondary education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
17. Levin, H. & Calcagno, J. (2004). Improving student attainment in community colleges: Institutional characteristics and policies. http://www.tc.columbia.edu/ccru/public.htm
18. Levin, H. & Calcagno, J. (2008). Remediation in the community college. Community College Review 35 no. 3 181-207. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
19. Mangan, K. (2016). As reformers take aim at remediation, community colleges feel the squeeze. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://partners4edu.org/reformers-take-aim-remediatio-community
20. Perin, D. (2002). The location of developmental education in community colleges: A discussion of the merits of mainstreaming vs. centralization. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/results/results_single_ftPES.jhtml
21. Perin, D. (2006). Can community colleges protect both access and standards? The problem of remediation. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/results/results_single_ftPES.jhtml.
22. Rao, D. (2005). The open-door policy: Hidden barriers to postsecondary education for nontraditional adult learners. http://www.ncsall.net/?id=174
23. Schmidt, P. (2008). 3 new studies question the value of remedial college courses. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 54 no 43. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com
Authors
[1]
“Remedial Education in Higher Education in the United States: A Historical Perspective”, Soc. sci. humanities j., vol. 2, no. 03, pp. 388–394, Mar. 2018, Accessed: Apr. 26, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://sshjournal.com/index.php/sshj/article/view/122
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